A certified internist or pediatrician who is an expert in the evaluation and management of disorders potentially involving the immune system, including asthma, anaphylaxis, hives, rhinitis, eczema, immune deficiency diseases, and adverse reactions to drugs, foods, and insect stings.

A specialist who uses laboratory tests and complex procedures to diagnose and treat disorders characterized by defective responses of the body’s immune systems.

Provides pain relief and maintenance or restoration of a stable condition during and immediately following an operation or an obstetric or diagnostic procedure. The anesthesiologist assesses the risk of the patient undergoing surgery and optimizes the patient’s condition prior to, during, and after surgery. Anesthesiologists diagnose and treat acute and long-standing pain problems; diagnose and treat patients who have critical illnesses or are severely injured; and direct resuscitation in the care of patients with cardiac or respiratory emergencies, including the provision of artificial ventilation.

An anesthesiologist who specializes in critical care medicine. Diagnoses, treats, and supports patients with multiple organ dysfunction. In addition, may have administrative responsibilities for intensive care units, and may facilitate and coordinate patient care among the primary physician, the critical care staff, and other specialists.

A certified anesthesiologist who specializes in pain management. Can provide expert care either as a primary physician or as a consultant for patients experiencing problems with acute or chronic pain in both hospital and ambulatory settings.

Expert in diagnosing and treating various diseases of the intestinal tract, colon, rectum, anal canal, and perianal area by medical and surgical means. Able to deal surgically with other organs and tissues (such as the liver, urinary, and female reproductive system) involved with primary intestinal disease. Can diagnose and treat anorectal conditions such as hemorrhoids, fissures (painful tears in the anal lining), abscesses and fistulae (infections located around the anus and rectum), inflammatory bowel diseases, such as chronic ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, cancer, intestinal infections, parasites, constipation, incontinence (loss of bowel control), and other conditions.

Expert in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric and adult patients with benign and malignant disorders of the skin, mouth, external genitalia, and hair and nails, as well as a number of sexually transmitted diseases. Can diagnose and treat skin cancers, melanomas, moles, and other tumors of the skin, contact dermatitis, and other allergic and nonallergic disorders. Expert in the recognition of the skin manifestations of systemic (including internal malignancy) and infectious diseases. Also expert in the management of cosmetic disorders of the skin such as hair loss and scars.

A dermatologist with expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases involving the immune system.

A dermatologist or pathologist with special expertise in the evaluation of tissue specimens submitted from dermatologic patients.

Emergency medicine is the medical specialty that focuses on the immediate decision making and action necessary to prevent death or any further disability. It is primarily hospital emergency department-based, but with extensive pre-hospital responsibilities for emergency medical systems. Provides immediate initial recognition, evaluation, care, and disposition patients with acute illness and injury.

A physician certified in emergency medicine or various areas of primary care medicine who has special knowledge about the evaluation and management of patients with accidental or intentional poisoning through exposure to prescription and nonprescription medications, drugs of abuse, household or industrial toxins, and environmental toxins. Expertise includes acute pediatric and adult drug ingestion; drug abuse, addiction and withdrawal; chemical poisoning exposure and toxicity; hazardous materials exposure and toxicity; and occupational toxicology.

An emergency medicine physician who has special qualifications to manage emergencies in infants and children.

A physician trained to prevent, diagnose, and treat a wide variety of ailments in patients of all ages. Places special emphasis on caring for families on a continual basis, utilizing consultations and community resources when appropriate.

A family practice physician with additional training in advising older patients in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders common to old age.

A physician who provides long-term, comprehensive care in the office and at the hospital, managing both common illnesses and complex problems for adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Trained in disease prevention, wellness, substance abuse, mental health, and treatment of common problems of the eyes, ears, skin, nervous system, and reproductive organs.

An internist who has special expertise in caring for adolescents.

Expert in complicated technical procedures to evaluate heart rhythms and determine appropriate treatment for them.

Expert in diseases of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels and management of complex cardiac conditions such as heart attacks and life-threatening, abnormal heartbeat rhythms.

Expert who uses laboratory tests and comlex procedures to diagnosis and treat disorders characterized by defective responses of the body’s immune system.

An internist who specializes in critical care medicine. Manages life-threatening disorders, in intensive care units and other hospital settings, including shock, coma, heart failure, trauma, respiratory arrest, drug overdoses, massive bleeding, diabetic acidosis, and kidney failure.

Expert in disorders including the internal (endocrine) glands such as the thyroid and adrenal glands. Treats disorders such as diabetes, metabolic and nutritional disorders, pituitary diseases, and menstrual and sexual problems.

Expert in the digestive organs of the stomach, bowels, liver, and gallbladder. Treats conditions such as abdominal pain, ulcers, diarrhea, cancer, and jaundice.

An internist with advanced training in advising older patients in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders common to old age.

An expert in diseases of the blood, spleen, and lymph glands. Treats conditions such as anemia, clotting disorders, sickle cell disease, hemophilia, leukemia, and lymphoma.

Expert in infectious diseases of all types in all organs. Diagnoses and treats conditions that require selective use of antibiotics; AIDS patients; patients with fevers which have not been explained. Expert in preventive medicine for conditions associated with travel.

Expert in the diagnosis and treatment of all types of cancer and other benign and malignant tumors. Prescribes and administers chemotherapy for malignancy, and consults with and advises other physicians on other cancer treatments.

Expert in disorders of the kidney, high blood pressure, fluid and mineral balance, and dialysis of body wastes when the kidneys do not function. Consults with surgeons on kidney transplantation.

Expert in diseases of the lungs and airways. Diagnoses and treats cancer, pneumonia, pleurisy, asthma, occupational diseases, bronchitis, sleep disorders, emphysema, and other disorders of the lungs.

Expert in diseases of joints, muscle, bones, and tendons. Diagnoses and treats arthritis, back pain, muscle strains, common athletic injuries, and "collagen" diseases.

Expert in diagnosing and treating patients with genetic-linked diseases. Uses cytogenetic, radiologic, and biochemical testing to facilitate genetic counseling, implementation of needed therapeutic interventions, and prospective prevention through prenatal diagnosis. Plans and coordinates large scale screening programs for inborn errors of metabolism, hemoglobinopathies, chromosome abnormalities, and neural tube defects.

A medical geneticist with special expertise in performing and interpreting biochemical analyses relevant to the diagnosis and management of genetic diseases and inherited disorders.

A medical geneticist with special expertise in comprehensive diagnostic, management, and genetic counseling services.

Expert in the operative and nonoperative management of disorders of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their supporting structures and vascular supply; the evaluation and treatment of pathological processes which modify function or activity of the nervous system; and the operative and nonoperative management of pain. Treats patients with: disorders of the nervous system, including the brain, meninges, skull, and their blood supply; disorders of the pituitary gland; disorders of the spinal cord, meninges, and spine; and disorders of the cranial and spinal nerves throughout their distribution.

Diagnoses and treats all categories of disease or impaired function of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, and autonomic nervous system, as well as the blood vessels that relate to these structures.

A neurologist with special training in the diagnosis and management of central and peripheral nervous system disorders using electrophysiological techniques.

Expert in the use of radioactive and stable nuclides in diagnosis, therapy, and research to evaluate metabolic, physiologic, and pathologic conditions. Has special expertise in the biologic effects of radiation exposure; the principles of radiation safety and protection; and the management of patients who have been exposed to ionizing radiation.

Expert in the medical and surgical care of the female reproductive system and associated disorders.

A certified obstetrician-gynecologist who has special training in critical care medicine. Diagnoses, treats, and supports patients with multiple organ dysfunction. In addition, may have administrative responsibilities for intensive care units, and may facilitate and coordinate patient care among the primary physician, the critical care staff, and other specialists.

A certified obstetrician-gynecologist who has special training in gynecologic cancer.

A certified obstetrician-gynecologist who has special training in caring for patients with complications of pregnancy. Special knowledge in the obstetrical, medical, and surgical complications of pregnancy and their effects on both the mother and the fetus; diagnosis and treatment of patients with complicated pregnancies; and newborn adaptation.

An obstetrician-gynecologist who manages complex problems relating to reproductive endocrinology and infertility.

Expert in providing comprehensive eye and vision care. Diagnoses and treats eyelid and orbital problems affecting the eye and visual pathways and eye and visual disorders.

Expert in the preservation, investigation, and restoration of the form and function of the extremities, spine, and associated structures by medical, surgical, and physical means. Can treat congenital deformities, trauma, infections, tumors, metabolic disturbances of the musculoskeletal system, and degenerative diseases of the spine, hands, feet, knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow in children and adults.

Expert in the investigation, preservation, and restoration by medical, surgical, and rehabilitative means of all structures of the upper extremity directly affecting the form and function of the hand and wrist.

Expert in providing medical and surgical care for patients with diseases and disorders that affect the ears, the respiratory and upper alimentary systems and related structures, and the head and neck in general.

An otolaryngologist who has special training in the diagnosis, management, prevention, cure, and care of patients with diseases of the ear and temporal bone, including disorders of hearing and balance.

An otolaryngologist who has special expertise in providing otolaryngological care to children.

Expert in the causes and nature of disease. Contributes to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment through knowledge gained by the laboratory application of the biologic, chemical, and physical sciences. Uses information gathered from microscopic examination of tissue specimens, cells, and body fluids, and from clinical laboratory tests on body fluids and secretions to diagnose, exclude, and monitor disease.

Expert in maintaining an adequate blood supply, blood donor and patient-recipient safety, and appropriate blood utilization. Assures blood transfusions are safe by performing pretransfusion compatibility testing and antibody testing. Directs the preparation and safe use of specially prepared blood components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma constituents.

Expert in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases of the skin including infectious, immunologic, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases by examining and interpreting tissue sections, cellular scrapings, and smears of skin lesions by means of light microscopy, electron microscopy, and flourescence microscopy.

Expert in diseases that affect blood cells, blood clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Using laboratory tests, can diagnose anemias, leukemias, lymphomas, bleeding disorders, and blood clotting disorders.

Expert in the causes, diagnosis, and prognosis of disease by the application of immunological principles to the analysis of tissues, cells, and body fluids. Has special knowledge to interpret laboratory data in relation to patients with immunologic diseases and organ transplant recipients.

Expert in the isolation and identification of microbial agents that cause infectious disease, such as viruses, bacteria and fungi, and parasites.

Expert in the diagnosis of diseases of the nervous system and skeletal muscles. Functions as a consultant primarily to neurologists and neurosurgeons.

A pathologist who is an expert in the laboratory diagnosis of diseases that occur during fetal growth and infant and childhood development.

Expert in the medical care of children from birth to young adulthood, encompassing a broad spectrum of health services ranging from preventive health care to the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic diseases. Deals with biological, social, and environmental influences on the developing child, and with the impact of disease and dysfunction on development.

A pediatrician who has special expertise in caring for adolescents.

A children’s specialist who uses laboratory tests and complex procedures to diagnose and treat disorders characterized by defective responses of the body’s immune systems.

A children’s specialist who has special knowledge about the evaluation and management of patients with accidental or intentional poisoning through exposure to prescription and nonprescription medications, drugs of abuse, household or industrial toxins, and environmental toxins. Expertise includes acute pediatric and adult drug ingestion; drug abuse, addiction and withdrawal; chemical poisoning exposure and toxicity; hazardous materials exposure and toxicity; and occupational toxicology.

A specialist who has special knowledge about providing medical care for sick newborn infants.

A children’s specialist who has special knowledge about cardiovascular problems, including diagnosis and treatment of the structural and functional problems of the heart and blood vessels and cardiovascular disease.

A pediatrician who specializes in critical care medicine. Diagnoses, treats, and supports children with multiple organ dysfunction. In addition, may have administrative responsibilities for intensive care units, and may facilitate and coordinate patient care among the primary physician, the critical care staff, and other specialists.

A pediatrician who has special qualifications to manage emergencies in infants and children.

Expert in diseases that result from an abnormality in the endocrine glands (glands that secrete hormones). These diseases include diabetes mellitus, growth failure, unusual size for age, early or late pubertal development, birth defects, the genital region, disorders of the thyroid, and the adrenal and pituitary glands.

A specialist for children who has special knowledge about the digestive system including the stomach, bowels, liver, and gallbladder. Treats conditions such as abdominal pain, ulcers, diarrhea, cancer, and jaundice.

A children’s specialist who is an expert in the diagnosis and management of blood disorders and cancer.

A pediatrician who specializes in infectious diseases. Expert in infectious diseases of all types in all organs. Diagnoses and treats unusual or severe infections; conditions requiring selective use of antibiotics; AIDS patients; patients with fevers which have not been explained. Expert in preventive medicine for conditions associated with travel.

A specialist for children who is an expert in disorders of the kidney, high blood pressure, fluid and mineral balance, and dialysis of body wastes when the kidneys do not function. Consults with surgeons on kidney transplantation.

A children’s specialist who is an expert in diseases of the lungs and airways. Diagnoses and treats congenital abnormalities, pneumonia, asthma, occupational diseases, bronchitis, sleep disorders, emphysema, and other disorders of the lungs.

A pediatrician who is an expert in diseases of joints, muscle, bones, and tendons. Diagnoses and treats arthritis, back pain, muscle strains, common athletic injuries, and "collagen" diseases.

Expert in the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of patients with impairments and/or disabilities that involve musculoskeletal, neurologic, cardiovascular, or other body systems. The primary focus is on maximal restoration of physical, psychological, social, and vocational function and on alleviation of pain.

Expert in the repair, reconstruction, or replacement of physical defects of form or function involving the skin, musculoskeletal system, craniomaxillofacial structures, hand, extremities, breast and trunk, and external genitalia. Special knowledge and skill in the design and surgery of grafts, flaps, free tissue transfer, and replantation.

Expert in the investigation, preservation, and restoration by medical, surgical, and rehabilitative means of all structures of the upper extremity directly affecting the form and function of the hand and wrist.

Focuses on the health of individuals and defined populations in order to protect, promote, and maintain health and well-being, and to prevent disease, disability, and premature death. Special knowledge may include: biostatistics; epidemiology; health services administration; environmental and occupational influences on health; social and behavioral influences on health; and measures that prevent the occurrence, progression, and disabling effects of disease or injury.

A preventive medicine specialist who has special knowledge about the evaluation and management of patients with accidental or intentional poisoning through exposure to prescription and nonprescription medications, drugs of abuse, household or industrial toxins, and environmental toxins. Expertise includes acute pediatric and adult drug ingestion; drug abuse, addiction and withdrawal; chemical poisoning exposure and toxicity; hazardous materials exposure and toxicity; and occupational toxicology.

Expert in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, addictive, and emotional disorders, such as psychoses, depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, developmental disabilities, sexual disfunctions, and adjustment reactions. Some psychiatrists have also had further training in specialized areas such as psychoanalysis, psychiatric aspects of general medicine, psychopharmacology, alcohol and substance abuse, geriatrics, neuropsychiatry, and forensic psychiatry.

A psychiatrist with additional training in providing psychiatric care for individuals with alcohol, drug, or substance abuse disorders.

A psychiatrist with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental, addictive, and emotional disorders of childhood and adolescence.

A psychiatrist with additional training in the diagnosis and management of central and peripheral nervous system disorders using electrophysiological techniques.

A psychiatrist with additional training in providing psychiatric care to the elderly.

Expert who uses radiologic methods to diagnose and treat disease.

A radiologist who deals with the use of all modalities of radiant energy in medical diagnoses and therapeutic procedures utilizing radiologic guidance, including imaging techniques and methods that use radiations emitted by x-ray tubes, radionuclides, ultrasonographic devices, and the radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by atoms.

A subspecialist who utilizes imaging procedures during diagnosis as they relate to the brain, spine and spinal cord, head, neck, and organs of special sense in adults and children.

A radiologist who specializes in all forms of diagnostic imaging as it pertains to the treatment of diseases in children. Has special knowledge of both imaging and interventional procedures related to the care and management of diseases of children. Has knowledge of all organ systems as they relate to growth and development, congenital malformations, diseases peculiar to infants and children, and diseases that begin in childhood but cause substantial residual impairment in adulthood.

A radiologist who deals with the therapeutic applications of radiant energy and its modifiers, and the study and management of disease, especially malignant tumors.

A radiologist who specializes in diagnosis and treatment by percutaneous methods guided by various radiologic imaging modalities, including fluoroscopy, digital radiography, computed tomography, onography, and magnetic resonance imaging.

A subspecialty with special expertise in exercise physiology, biomechanics, nutrition, psychology, physical rehabilitation, and epidemiology related to improving health care of individuals engaged in physical exercise (sports).

Specialist prepared to manage a broad spectrum of surgical conditions affecting almost any area of the body. Establishes the diagnosis and provides the preoperative, operative, and postoperative care to surgical patients.

A surgeon with special qualifications in the management of surgical disorders of the blood vessels, excluding those immediately adjacent to the heart, lungs, or brain.

A surgeon with special qualifications in the management of surgical conditions in premature and newborn infants, children, and adolescents.

A surgeon with special qualifications in the management of the critically ill and postoperative patient, particularly trauma victims in emergency departments, intensive care units, trauma units, burn units, and other similar settings.

A surgeon with special qualifications in the investigation, preservation, and restoration by medical, surgical, and rehabilitative means of all structures of the upper extremity affecting the form and function of the hand and wrist.

A certified surgeon who has received additional training in diagnosing, operating upon, and managing patients with intrathoracic maladies, which include coronary artery disease, cancers of the lung, esophagus, and chest wall, abnormalities of the great vessels and heart valves, congenital anomalies, tumors of the mediastinum, and diseases of the diaphragm. Also includes treatment and management of the airway and injuries of the chest.

Specialist who can manage benign and malignant medical and surgical disorders of the adrenal gland and of the genitourinary system. Has knowledge of, and skills in, endoscopic, percutaneous, and open surgery of congenital and acquired conditions of the reproductive and urinary systems and their contiguous structures.